SOYBEAN

Soybean called as golden beans is belongs to legume family and mostly used for oilseed purpose. It is native of east Asia. Oil extracted from soybean contain small amount of saturated fat. It is second popular oilseed of India after groundnut. In India, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Karnataka, AP, UP are major soybean producing states. 
 
Area under soybean cultivation is rising now a days. In UP, whole Bundelkhand area also other districts like Badaun, Rampur, Bareli, Merath, Shahjahanpur are major soybean growing area. 

It gives good result when grown on well drained, fertile loamy soils. pH of 6 to 7.5 is favorable for optimum yield of soybean. Water logged, saline/alkaline soils are not suitable for its cultivation. Low temperature affect crop severely.

PK 472: Suitable for whole UP. Grains are big and bold and of yellowish brown color. Ready to harvest in 120-125 days. Gives average yield of 10-12 qtl/acre.
 
JS 71.5: Suitable for Bundelkhand area. Ready to harvest in 100-105 days. Gives average yield of 10-11 qtl/acre.
 
PS 564: Suitable for whole UP area. Ready to harvest in 115-120 days. Grains are medium with yellow color. Gives average yield of 10-12 qtl/acre. Resistant to yellow mosaic virus.
 
PK 262: Suitable for Terai region. Ready to harvest in 120-125 days. Grains are big, bold, round and yellow color. Gives average yield of 11-12 qtl/acre.
 
JS 2: Suitable for Bundelkhand region. Ready to harvest in 98-105 days. Gives average yield of 10-12 qtl/acre.
 
JS 93-05: Suitable for Bundelkhand region. Resistant to collar rot, pod and bud blight. Seeds are greenish yellow color. Gives average yield of 10-12 qtl/acre.
 
JS 72.44: Suitable for Bundelkhand region. Ready to harvest in 105-110 days. Gives average yield of 10-11 qtl/acre.
 
JS 335: Suitable for Bundelkhand region. Early maturing variety, resistant to bacterial blight and  tolerant to stem fly, bud blight. Gives average yield of 10-12 qtl/acre.
 
JS 75.46: Suitable for Bundelkhand region.  Ready to harvest in 105-110 days. Gives average yield of 10-11 qtl/acre.
 
Pusa 20: Suitable for Bundelkhand region. Ready to harvest in 110-115 days. Gives average yield of 12-13 qtl/acre.
 
PK 416: Suitable for whole UP. Ready to harvest in 120-125 days. Grains are medium, oval shape and yellowish in color. Resistant to yellow mosaic virus. Gives average yield of 10-12 qtl/acre
 
PS 1024: Suitable for tarai region. Ready to harvest in 115-120 days. Gives average yield of 12-14 qtl/acre.
 
Pusa 16: Suitable for whole UP. Ready to harvest in 110-115 days. Gives average yield of 10-14 qtl/acre.
 
PS 1042: Suitable for whole UP. Gives average yield of 12-14 qtl/acre.
 
JS 335:  Early maturing variety resistant to bacterial blight and tolerant to stem fly, bud blight. Gives average yield of 10-12 qtl/acre.
 
MAUS 47: Resistant to bud blight, collar rot, Anthracnose, gray semi looper etc. Seeds are yellow color.
 
NRC 37 (Ahilya 4): Seeds are of light to dark brown color. It give resistance to collar rot, pod and bud blight also resistant to stem fly and leaf minor.
 
Other state varieties:
Alankar, Ankur, Bragg, Lee, PK 262, PK 308, PK 327, PK 416, PK 472, PK 564, Pant Soybean 1024, Pant Soybean 1042, Pusa 16, Pusa 20, Pusa 22, Pusa 24, Pusa 37, Shilajeet, VL soya 2, VL soya 47, MAUS 158, VL soya 65, VL soya 59, SL 525, Pratap Soya 2, TAMS 9821, Phule Kalyani (DS 228), Pusa 9814, Co (SOY)-3, LSB-1, Hara soya

In month of April or after harvesting of rabi crop, do deep ploughing. It will help to destroyed eggs of Insect. After ploughing for three-four times carryout planking operation and levelled soil so that water stagnation will not occurred in field.  

Time of sowing
In plain areas, optimum time for soybean sowing is from 20 June to 10 July. Sow seeds only when, sufficient moisture is present in soil (at least 50-60 mm rainfall received for 2-3 days).
 
Spacing
For sowing use row to row spacing of 45 cm and plant to plant spacing of 3-5 cm.
 
Sowing Depth
Under optimum moisture content, sow seeds at depth of 3-4 cm. Avoid deep sowing as it will affect germination.
 
Method of sowing
Sow seeds with help seed drill.

Seed Rate
Use seed rate of 30-32 kg for sowing in one acre land.
 
Seed Treatment
To protect seeds from soil borne diseases, treat seeds with Thiram + Carbendazim or Captan@3gm per kg of seed. After chemical treatment, treat seed with Trichoderma viride@4-5 gm/kg of seed. 

Fertilizer Requirement (kg/acre)

Apply FYM or well decomposed cowdung@4tonnes/acre. Also apply Nitrogen@8kg, Phosphorus@32kg and Potash@16kg/acre in form of Urea@20kg and SSP@200kg and MOP@30kg per acre at time of sowing. Along with these nutrients apply Sulphur@8kg/acre. Drill all fertilizer at depth of 6-7 cm.
 
To obtain good growth and optimum yield, take spray of Urea@3kg/150 Ltr of water on 60th and 75th day after sowing.

To keep field weed free, two hand weeding are required, take first hand weeding 15-20 days after sowing and second 30-40 days after sowing.
 
To control weed chemically, after sowing, within two days, take spray of Pendimethalin@600 ml/acre in 100 litres of water or apply Imazethapyr@300 ml/acre in 150-200 litres water as post-emergence herbicide, 15 to 20 days after sowing.

 As it is rain fed crop it doesn’t required irrigation. But if needed apply irrigation depending upon rainfall conditions. Irrigation at time of pod filling stage is necessary. Water stress at this period will affect yield drastically.

• Pest and their control:

White Fly: For white fly control, take spray of Thiamethoxam@40 gm or Triazophos@300 ml/acre. If necessary take second spray 10 days after first spray.
 

Tobacco caterpillar: If infestation is observed, take spray of Acephate 57SP@800 gm/acre or Chlorpyriphos 20EC@ 1.5 ltr/acre. If necessary take second spray 10 days after first spray.

Hairy Caterpillar: To control hairy caterpillar pick caterpillar manually and destroyed by crushing or putting in kerosene water when infestation is low. In case of high infestation, take spray of Quinalphos@300 ml or Dichlorvos@200 ml/acre.

Blister beetle: They cause damage at flowering stage. They feed on flowers, buds thus prevent grain formation.
 
If infestation is observed, take spray of Indoxacarb 14.5SC@200 ml or Acephate 75SC@800 gm/acre. Carry out spraying in evening hours and if necessary take second spray 10 days after first spray. 

• Disease and their control:

Yellow mosaic virus: It is spread due to white fly. Irregular yellow, green patches are observed on leaves. Pods not developed on infected plants.
Grow yellow mosaic virus resistant varieties. For white fly control, take spray of Thiamethoxam@40 gm, Triazophos@ 400 ml/acre. If necessary take second spray 10 days after first spray.  

Rust: If infestation is observed in field, take spray of Hexaconazole or Propiconazol@10ml in 10Ltr water. If necessary take its second spray at interval of 15 days.

Cercospora leaf spot: As a preventive measure, take spray of Carbendazim 50WP or Thiophanatemethyl 70WP@ 500gm in 200Ltr water/acre.

Pods become dry and leaves changes their color to yellow and fall of, it is sign of crop is ready for harvesting. Harvest the crop with sickle or by hand. After harvesting, carry out threshing operation. 

 After drying, carry out proper cleaning of seeds. Remove small size seeds,damaged seeds and crop stalks.