MUSTARD

India is fourth largest contributor of oilseeds and Rapeseed and mustard contributes about 28.6% in total oilseeds production. After soybean and palm oil, it is third important oilseed in world. Mustard seeds and its oil is used for culinary purpose. Young leaves are used for vegetable purpose. Its oil cake is used for feeding cattle.

Mustard-rapeseed groups includes Indian mustard, Brown and yellow sarson, raya and toria crop. Indian mustard is grown in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, UP, Haryana and Gujarat also in some areas of south like Andra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Yellow sarson is taken as rabi crop in Assam, Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal where as in Punjab, Haryana, UP and Himachal Pradesh it is taken as catch crop. Earlier brown sarson was cultivated in most of the area now its area under cultivation is decreases and replaced by Indian mustard. Brown sarson has two ecotypes Lotni and Toria. Toria is short duration crop sown under irrigated condition. Gobhi sarson is new emerging oilseed, It is long duration crop grown in Haryana, Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh.
 

Light to heavy soil is good for mustard and rapeseed cultivation. Raya can be grown in all type of soil where as loam to heavy soils are suitable for toria crop. Sandy and loamy sand soils are suitable for Taramira crops.

For Irrigated areas

Narendra Ageti Rai 4: It is suitable for cultivation in all the areas of UP. Ready to harvest in 95-100 days. Gives average yield of 6-8 qtl/acre.

Varuna (T 59): It is suitable for cultivation in plain areas of UP. Ready to harvest in 125-130 days. Gives average yield of 8-10 qtl/acre.

Vasanti: It is suitable for cultivation in plain areas of UP. Ready to harvest in 130-135 days. Gives average yield of 10-11 qtl/acre.

Rohini: It is suitable for cultivation in all the areas of UP. Ready to harvest in 130-135 days. Gives average yield of 9-11 qtl/acre.

Maya: It is suitable for cultivation in all the areas of UP. Ready to harvest in 130-135 days. Gives average yield of 10-11 qtl/acre.

Urvashi: It is suitable for cultivation in all the areas of UP. Ready to harvest in 125-130 days. Gives average yield of 8-10 qtl/acre.

Narendra Swarna Rai 8: Suitable for cultivation in all the areas of UP. Ready to harvest in 130-135 days. Gives average yield of 8-10 qtl/acre.

Narendra Rai: It is suitable for cultivation in all the areas of UP. Ready to harvest in 125-130 days. Gives average yield of 10-12 qtl/acre.

For Unirrigated areas

Vaibhav: It is suitable for cultivation in all the areas of UP. Ready to harvest in 125-130 days. Gives average yield of 8-10 qtl/acre.

Varuna (T 59): It is suitable for cultivation in all the areas of UP. Ready to harvest in 125-130 days. Gives average yield of 8-10 qtl/acre.

For Late sowing

Aashirwad: It is suitable for late sowing. Plant height is about 130-140 cm. Oil percentage is about 39-42%. Ready to harvest in 120-130 days. Gives average yield of 5-6 qtl/acre.

Varadan: It is suitable for cultivation in all the areas of UP. Ready to harvest in 120-125 days. Gives average yield of 6-8 qtl/acre.

For salty soils

Narendra Rai: It is suitable for cultivation in all the areas of UP. Ready to harvest in 120-125 days. Gives average yield of 6-8 qtl/acre.

CS 52: It is suitable for cultivation in all the areas of UP. Ready to harvest in 135-145 days. Gives average yield of 6-8 qtl/acre.

CS 54: It is suitable for cultivation in all the areas of UP. Ready to harvest in 135-140 days. Gives average yield of 7-8.8 qtl/acre.

Other state varieties:

NRCDR 02: High yielding variety.

NRCHB 101: It is suitable for late sowing areas.

NRCDR 601: It is suitable for timely sown irrigated areas.

NRCYS-05-02: Yellow sarson variety.

Mustard 30: Developed by IARI, New Delhi, gives more yield also its oil is good for health.

Pusa Jaykisan: Plant height is about 160-180 cm. Ready to harvest in 130-140 days. Oil percentage is about 38-40%. Gives average yield of 7.2-8 qtl/acre. 

Pusa Bold: Plants are of medium height. Oil percentage is about 37-38%. Ready to harvest in 130-140 days. Gives average yield of 4.8-10 qtl/acre.
 

For good germination of crop it required a fine seed bed. Do ploughing of soil for two to three times followed by two harrowing. Do planking after every ploughing. Prepared firm, moist and uniform seed bed as it will help in uniform germination of seed.

Time of sowing
For Bundelkhand and Agra region, last week of September is right time for sowing. Whereas for remaining regions, complete sowing up to 15th of October. 
For unirrigated areas, second fortnight of September is optimum time for sowing.

Spacing
For rapeseed - mustards keep row to row distance of 30 cm while plant to plant distance of 10-15 cm.  For Gobhi sarson use distance of 45 cm in rows and plant to plant 10 cm.

Sowing Depth
Seeds are sown at depth of 4 to 5 cm.

Method of sowing
Use seed drill for sowing purpose.

Seed Rate
For irrigated as well as unirrigated areas, use seed rate of 2-2.5 kg per acre.

Seed Treatment
To protect seed from soil borne pest and disease, before sowing do seed treatment with Thiram@3 gm per kg of seeds. To protect crop from aphid and painted bug, seed treatment with Imidacloprid@5ml/kg of seeds.

Fertilizer Requirement (kg/acre)

Nutrient Requirement (kg/acre)

Apply 8 to 10 Ton farm yard manure or well decomposed cow dung in soil, three to four week before sowing. For accurate fertilizer dose, soil testing is necessary.
Under irrigated condition, apply Nitrogen@50kg, Phosphorus@24kg/acre and Potash@24kg in form of Urea@110kg, Super phosphate@150kg/acre and MOP@40kg/acre. Apply half of Nitrogen and full dose of Phosphorus at time of sowing and remaining half dose of Nitrogen at time of first irrigation.

For phosphorus application, if SSP is not used then apply Sulphur@16kg/acre at time of sowing. If DAP is used, then apply Gypsum@80kg/acre.

Grain yield has been increased by 10-15% through spray with Thiourea@0.05%.

 

To control weeds take two to three weeding and two hoeing at interval of two weeks when intensity of weeds is low. To control weeds in Toria crop, do pre-plant incorporation of Trifluralin @ 400ml/200Ltrs of water per acre. For raya crop, give pre-emergence spray of Isoproturon @ 400gm/200Ltr within 2days of sowing. Or take post emergence spray 25-30days after sowing.

Give first irrigation, 30-40 days after sowing (before flowering) and second irrigation, 70-80 days after sowing. Flower and pod formation stages are sensitive to irrigation. Water stress at this stage will affect yield drastically. Apply irrigation based on soil type, availability of water, ET losses etc.

• Pest and their control:

Aphid: They suck the sap and plant get weak, pale and plant remain stunted and in later stage do not bear pods.

To control, do timely sowing of crop. Avoid excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer. In infestation is observed in field, take spray of any one pesticide like Thiamethoxam@80gm or Quinalphos or Oxydemeton@250ml or Chlorpyriphos@200ml in 100-125Ltr water per acre.

Painted bug: It destroyed crop at germination stage also at maturity stage. They suck sap and leads to drying of crop.

Application of irrigation three to four week after sowing help in reducing pest population. If infestation is observed in field, take spray of Malathion@ 400ml/acre.
 

Hairy caterpillar: Young larva feed on leaves and destroyed them completely.

If infestation is observed in field, take spray of Malathion 5% dust@15kg/acre or Dichlorvos@200ml/acre in 100-125ltr of water.

• Disease and their control:

Blight: Dark brown spot with dot like bodies developed on stem, branches, leaflet and pods. In severe infestation, withering of stem and pod is observed.

For cultivation use resistant varieties. On incidence of disease spray with Indofil M-45 or Captan @ 260gm/100Ltr of water per acre. If necessary repeat the spray at interval of 15days.

Downy Mildew:  Whitish growth is observed on lower surface of leaves. The leaves give green or yellow coloration appearance.

Destroyed debris of previous crop before sowing of crop. Spray crop with Indofil M-45 @ 400gm in 150 Ltr of water per acre for four times with interval of 15 days.

White Rust: White pustules are observed on leaves, stem and on flower. Swelling of affected part is observed. Because of infection flower become sterile.

If infestation observed in field, to control spray with Metalaxyl 8%+Mancozeb 64% @ 2gm/Ltr of water or spray with Copper oxychloride @ 25gm/Ltr of water. If necessary repeat the spray with interval of 10-15days.

Crop takes 110 to 140 days to mature, depending variety. Harvest crop when pods turn yellow and seed become hard. To avoid shattering loss carried out harvesting in morning hours. With the help of sickle, cut crops close to ground. After then stacked harvested crops for 7-10 days. After proper drying complete threshing operation.

Cleaned seed must be dried in the sun for 4-5days or till the moisture content comes down to 8 percent. After proper drying of seeds, stored seeds in gunny bags or bin.