SOYBEAN

Soybean called as golden beans is belongs to legume family and mostly used for oilseed purpose. It is native of east Asia. Oil extracted from soybean contain small amount of saturated fat. It is second popular oilseed of India after groundnut. In India, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Karnataka, AP, UP are major soybean producing states.  

It gives good result when grown on well drained, fertile loamy soils. pH of 6 to 7.5 is favorable for optimum yield of soybean. Water logged, saline/alkaline soils are not suitable for its cultivation. Low temperature affect crop severely

Brag: The variety is taken from America. The variety is released in India in 1969. It has medium long plant (75-85cm), white flowers, brown legumes, yellow grains and hilum is black in color. The weight of grains is 15gm per 100seeds. The variety is resistant to bacterial spot and yellow mosaic virus. The variety matures in 120 days. The average yield is near about 8-10qtl per acre. The seeds contain 40% protein and 20% oil content.

Ankur: Developed in 1974 for northern plain areas and mid-India. It has long plant (80-90cm). It has white flowers, deep green color leaves, yellow seeds, and medium sized seeds (12gm/100seeds). The variety is resistant to bacterial spot. The variety matures in 130-135 days and it gives an average yield of 8-10qtl/acre. The seeds contain 41-43% protein content and 21-23% oil content.

Alankar: Released in 1977. It has medium long plant (60-80cm), white flowers; leaves are deep green in color and have yellow grains. Seeds are large size i.e. 15-16gm per 100 seeds weight. The variety is resistant to yellow mosaic virus and bacterial wilt. The variety is suitable for early and late sowing. The seeds contain 40-42% protein content and 20-22% oil content. The variety matures in 120 days and gives an average yield of 10-12qtl/acre.

Shilajit: Released in 1980. It has short plant (50-70cm in length), brinjal color flowers, leaves are deep green in color and have yellow grains. The variety is resistant to yellow mosaic virus and bacterial leaf spot. The variety matures in 150 days and gives an average yield of 8-9qtl/acre.

PK 262: Released in 1982. The plant is 45-60cm long, white flowers, small stem which is straight and strong, yellow grains, and big sized grains (14.5gm/100seeds). The variety is resistant to yellow mosaic virus. The variety matures in 125 days and gives an average yield of 12-14qtl/acre.

PK 308: The variety is moderately resistant to yellow mosaic. The seeds contain 20% oil content and 40% protein content. The variety matures in 110 days.

PK 416: Released in 1985. The plant is 60-70cm long and medium seeds which have weight of 12.5gm for 100 seeds. The seeds contain 42% protein content and 23% oil content. The variety is resistant to yellow mosaic virus. The variety matures in 120 days and gives an average yield of 13-15qtl/acre.

PK 472: Released in 1986. The plant is 55-65cm long and medium seeds which have weight of 12gm for 100 seeds. The seeds contain 41% protein content and 20% oil content. It gives an average yield of 12.5-14.5qtl/acre.

Pant Soybean 1024: The variety matures in 120 days and gives an average yield of 12.5-14.5qtl/acre. The variety is resistant to yellow mosaic and bacterial spot virus.

Pant Soya 1042: Released in 1996. The plant attains the height of 65-70cm. the variety matures in 120 days and it gives an average yield of 13-15qtl/acre. The seeds contain 40% protein content and 20% oil content.

PK 1029: Released in 1997. The variety is resistant to rust. The plant bears white flowers and the flowers bear shiny seeds which are yellow in color. The seed contains 40% protein content and 20% oil content. The variety matures in 120 days and it gives an average yield of 14.5qtl/acre.

PS 1092: Released in 1999. The variety matures in 110-115 days. The plant attains the height of 60cm and the variety is resistant to yellow mosaic virus, bacterial pustule and cercospora leaf spot. It gives an average yield of 12.5qtl/acre.

PS 1241: Released in 2005. The variety is resistant to yellow mosaic and bacterial spot.  The variety has white color flowers and has shining yellow seeds. The variety matures in 120-125 days. The seeds contain 40% protein content and 20% oil content. It gives an average yield of 14.5qtl/acre.

PS 1225: Released in 2007 by Pantnagar University. The plant attains the height of 100-120 cm and seeds have an approximately 12gm weight for 100 seeds. It has white flowers and yellow grains. The variety matures in 120-125 days and it gives an average yield of 12.5-14.5qtl/acre.
 

In month of April or after harvesting of rabi crop, do deep ploughing. It will help to destroyed eggs of Insect. After ploughing for three-four times carryout planking operation and levelled soil so that water stagnation will not occurred in field.  

Time of sowing
In northern hilly areas: Last week of May to mid-June.
In plain areas: last week of June to first week of July.  

Spacing
For sowing, use row to row spacing of 45-60 cm and plant to plant spacing of 4-5 cm.

Sowing Depth
Under optimum moisture content, sow seeds at depth of 3-4 cm. Avoid deep sowing as it will affect germination.

Method of sowing
Sow seeds with help seed drill.

Seed Rate
For kharif season, use seed rate of 29-31kg/acre and for spring season, use seed rate of 41kg/acre.
 
Seed Treatment
To protect seeds from soil borne diseases, treat seeds with Thiram + Carbendazim or Captan@3gm per kg of seed. After chemical treatment, treat seed with Trichoderma viride@4-5 gm/kg of seed. 

Fertilizer Requirement (kg/acre)

Application of nitrogen@28kg/acre, phosphorus@200kg/acre should be done from mid-May to end-June.
 

To keep field weed free, two hand weeding are required, take first hand weeding 15-20 days after sowing and second 30-40 days after sowing.
 
To control weed chemically, after sowing, within two days, take spray of Pendimethalin@600 ml/acre in 100 litres of water or apply Imazethapyr@300 ml/acre in 150-200 litres water as post-emergence herbicide, 15 to 20 days after sowing.

As it is rain fed crop it doesn’t required irrigation. But if needed apply irrigation depending upon rainfall conditions. Irrigation at time of pod filling stage is necessary. Water stress at this period will affect yield drastically.

• Pest and their control:

White Fly: For white fly control, take spray of Thiamethoxam@40 gm or Triazophos@300 ml/acre. If necessary take second spray 10 days after first spray.

Tobacco caterpillar: If infestation is observed, take spray of Acephate 57SP@800 gm/acre or Chlorpyriphos 20EC@ 1.5 ltr/acre. If necessary take second spray 10 days after first spray.

Hairy Caterpillar: To control hairy caterpillar pick caterpillar manually and destroyed by crushing or putting in kerosene water when infestation is low. In case of high infestation, take spray of Quinalphos@300 ml or Dichlorvos@200 ml/acre.

 Blister beetle: They cause damage at flowering stage. They feed on flowers, buds thus prevent grain formation. 

• Disease and their control:

Yellow mosaic virus: It is spread due to white fly. Irregular yellow, green patches are observed on leaves. Pods not developed on infected plants.

Grow yellow mosaic virus resistant varieties. For white fly control, take spray of Thiamethoxam@40 gm, Triazophos@ 400 ml/acre. If necessary take second spray 10 days after first spray.
 

Rust: If infestation is observed in field, take spray of Hexaconazole or Propiconazol@10ml in 10Ltr water. If necessary take its second spray at interval of 15 days.

Cercospora leaf spot: As a preventive measure, take spray of Carbendazim 50WP or Thiophanatemethyl 70WP@ 500gm in 200Ltr water/acre.

Pods become dry and leaves changes their color to yellow and fall of, it is sign of crop is ready for harvesting. Harvest the crop with sickle or by hand. After harvesting, carry out threshing operation. 

After drying, carry out proper cleaning of seeds. Remove small size seeds,damaged seeds and crop stalks.