MUSTARD

India is fourth largest contributor of oilseeds and Rapeseed and mustard contributes about 28.6% in total oilseeds production. After soybean and palm oil, it is third important oilseed in world. Mustard seeds and its oil is used for culinary purpose. Young leaves are used for vegetable purpose. Its oil cake is used for feeding cattle.

Mustard-rapeseed groups includes Indian mustard, Brown and yellow sarson, raya and toria crop. Indian mustard is grown in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, UP, Haryana and Gujarat also in some areas of south like Andra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Yellow sarson is taken as rabi crop in Assam, Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal where as in Punjab, Haryana, UP and Himachal Pradesh it is taken as catch crop. Earlier brown sarson was cultivated in most of the area now its area under cultivation is decreases and replaced by Indian mustard. Brown sarson has two ecotypes Lotni and Toria. Toria is short duration crop sown under irrigated condition. Gobhi sarson is new emerging oilseed, It is long duration crop grown in Haryana, Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh.
 

Light to heavy soil is good for mustard and rapeseed cultivation. Raya can be grown in all type of soil where as loam to heavy soils are suitable for toria crop. Sandy and loamy sand soils are suitable for Taramira crops.

Yellow sarson varieties:

Pant Shweta: The variety matures in 105-110 days. It gives an average yield of 6-8qtl/acre.

Vinoy (B-9): The variety matures in 95-105 days. It gives an average yield of 5-6qtl/acre.

Pant Yellow Sarson: The variety matures in 95-105 days. It gives an average yield of 5-6qtl/acre.

YSH-0401: The variety matures in 112-118 days. It gives an average yield of 5-8qtl/acre.

NRCV-05-02: The variety matures in 112-118 days. It gives an average yield of 5-8qtl/acre.

Rai varieties:

Kranti (PR 15): Released in 1984. The plant attains the height of 155-200cm. It matures in 125-130 days. The seed contains 40% oil content. It gives an average yield of 4-8qtl/acre.

Krishna (PR 18): It gives an average yield of 9-12qtl/acre. The variety matures in 128-132 days.

Narendra Ageti Rai 4: Early sowing variety. It gives an average yield of 5.8-6qtl/acre. The variety matures in 100-110 days.

Urvashi: It gives an average yield of 8-10qtl/acre. The variety matures in 125-130 days.

Pant Rai 19: It gives an average yield of 8-10qtl/acre. The variety matures in 110-115 days.

Pant Rai 20: Suitable for timely sowing. It gives an average yield of 10-12qtl/acre. The variety matures in 122-128 days.

Pant Rai 21: Suitable for timely sowing. It gives an average yield of 10-12qtl/acre. The variety matures in 122-125 days.

RGN 73: It gives an average yield of 10-12qtl/acre. The variety matures in 130-135 days.

Ashirwaad: Suitable for late sowing. It gives an average yield of 5-6qtl/acre. The variety matures in 120-125 days.

NRCHB -101: Suitable for late sowing. It gives an average yield of 6-7qtl/acre. The variety matures in 118-122 days.

NRCHB-506: Suitable for timely sowing, It gives an average yield of 10-12qtl/acre. The variety matures in 130-135 days.

Toria varieties:

PT 30: Released in 1986. It gives an average yield of 5.8qtl/acre. The seeds contain 42% oil content.
 
PT 303: Released in 1986. It gives an average yield of 6-8qtl/acre. The seeds contain 42% oil content.

PT 507: The variety matures in 85-90 days. It gives an average yield of 5.8-6qtl/acre.

Bhavani: The variety matures in 75-80 days. It gives an average yield of 4-5qtl/acre.

PT 507: The variety matures in 75-80 days. It gives an average yield of 4-5qtl/acre.

Uttra: The variety matures in 93-97 days. It gives an average yield of 6-7qtl/acre.

PT 508: The variety matures in 91-96 days. It gives an average yield of 6-8qtl/acre.

Pant Hill Toria 1: The variety matures in 122-134 days. It gives an average yield of 3-4qtl/acre.
 

For good germination of crop it required a fine seed bed. Do ploughing of soil for two to three times followed by two harrowing. Do planking after every ploughing. Prepared firm, moist and uniform seed bed as it will help in uniform germination of seed.
 

Time of sowing
Sowing of Narendra Ageti Rai 4 is done in second fortnight of December and for timely sowing varieties, sowing is done in first fortnight of October. For late sowing varieties, sowing is done in November month.

Spacing
Use line to line spacing of 45cm and for late sowing varieties use spacing of 30cm.

Sowing Depth
Seeds are sown at depth of 4 to 5 cm.

Method of sowing
Use seed drill for sowing purpose.

Seed Rate
Use 2kg/acre of seeds for sowing.

Seed Treatment
To protect seed from soil borne pest and disease, before sowing do seed treatment with Thiram@3 gm per kg of seeds. To protect crop from aphid and painted bug, seed treatment with Imidacloprid@5ml/kg of seeds.

Fertilizer Requirement (kg/acre)

Nutrient Requirement (kg/acre)

In irrigated areas application of Urea@90kg/acre, SSP@75kg/acre is done. Half dose of nitrogen and full dose of phosphorus and potash is mixed in the soil. For phosphors use of SSP is much beneficial because by this sulphur gets also available which is helpful to increase oil content.

To control weeds take two to three weeding and two hoeing at interval of two weeks when intensity of weeds is low. To control weeds in Toria crop, do pre-plant incorporation of Trifluralin @ 400ml/200Ltrs of water per acre. For raya crop, give pre-emergence spray of Isoproturon @ 400gm/200Ltr within 2days of sowing. Or take post emergence spray 25-30days after sowing.

Give first irrigation, 30-40 days after sowing (before flowering) and second irrigation, 70-80 days after sowing. Flower and pod formation stages are sensitive to irrigation. Water stress at this stage will affect yield drastically. Apply irrigation based on soil type, availability of water, ET losses etc.

• Pest and their control:
  

Aphid: They suck the sap and plant get weak, pale and plant remain stunted and in later stage do not bear pods.

To control, do timely sowing of crop. Avoid excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer. In infestation is observed in field, take spray of any one pesticide like Thiamethoxam@80gm or Quinalphos or Oxydemeton@250ml or Chlorpyriphos@200ml in 100-125Ltr water per acre.

Painted bug: It destroyed crop at germination stage also at maturity stage. They suck sap and leads to drying of crop.

Application of irrigation three to four week after sowing help in reducing pest population. If infestation is observed in field, take spray of Malathion @ 400ml/acre.

Hairy caterpillar: Young larva feed on leaves and destroyed them completely.

If infestation is observed in field, take spray of Malathion 5% dust@15kg/acre or Dichlorvos@200ml/acre in 100-125ltr of water.

• Disease and their control:

Blight: Dark brown spot with dot like bodies developed on stem, branches, leaflet and pods. In severe infestation, withering of stem and pod is observed.

For cultivation use resistant varieties. On incidence of disease spray with Indofil M-45 or Captan @ 260gm/100Ltr of water per acre. If necessary repeat the spray at interval of 15days.

Downy Mildew:  Whitish growth is observed on lower surface of leaves. The leaves give green or yellow coloration appearance.

Destroyed debris of previous crop before sowing of crop. Spray crop with Indofil M-45 @ 400gm in 150 Ltr of water per acre for four times with interval of 15 days.

White Rust: White pustules are observed on leaves, stem and on flower. Swelling of affected part is observed. Because of infection flower become sterile.

If infestation observed in field, to control spray with Metalaxyl 8%+Mancozeb 64% @ 2gm/Ltr of water or spray with Copper oxychloride @ 25gm/Ltr of water. If necessary repeat the spray with interval of 10-15days.

Crop takes 110 to 140 days to mature, depending variety. Harvest crop when pods turn yellow and seed become hard. To avoid shattering loss carried out harvesting in morning hours. With the help of sickle, cut crops close to ground. After then stacked harvested crops for 7-10 days. After proper drying complete threshing operation.

Cleaned seed must be dried in the sun for 4-5days or till the moisture content comes down to 8 percent. After proper drying of seeds, stored seeds in gunny bags or bin.