PEAS

It belongs to Leguminosae family. It is a cool season crop grown throughout the world. Green pods are used for vegetable purpose and dried peas are used as pulse. In India it is cultivated in Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, Karnataka and Bihar. It is rich source of proteins, amino acids and sugars. Green pea's straw is good source of nutritional fodder for livestock.

It can grow on various soil types from sandy loam to clay soils. It gives best results when grown under well drained soil with pH range of 6 to 7.5. Crop cannot withstand in water logging conditions. For acidic soil, do liming.

Uttara: Dwarf, leafless variety suitable for irrigated areas of north hill as well as plain areas. Medium size and creamish color grains. Gives average yield of 10-11qtl/acre.

Jayanti: Suitable for irrigated areas. Pods are long and seeds are big, bold. It is tolerant to powdery mildew. Gives average yield of 11qtl/acre.

Hariyal: Suitable for normal sowing under irrigated conditions. It is resistant to nematode. Gives average yield of 9qtl/acre.

HFP 9426: Tall variety having shiny, bold and round in shape seeds. It is resistant to powdery mildew and rust disease. It gives average yield of 10qtl/acre.    

Arkel: Dwarf, Early maturing variety with long, dark green pods. Gives yield of 16-18qtl/acre.

Bonneville: Medium duration with sweet grains pods. Gives average yield of 36qtl/acre.

Multi Freezer: Late maturing variety with sweet, tender pods. It is tolerant to frost. Gives average yield of 25qtl/acre.

Azad P-I: Dwarf variety with wrinkle grains. Gives average yield of 16qtl/acre.

Early E-6: Developed by Punjab Agricultural University. Gives average yield of 40qtl/acre.

Other States Variety

Early Season Variety
Asauji: Developed at IARI.
Early Superb: Dwarf variety from England.
Little Marvel: Dwarf variety from England.
Alaska
Jawahar Matar 3: Gives average yield of 16qtl/acre.
Jawahar Matar 4: Gives average yield of 28qtl/acre.
Pant Matar
Hissar Harit

Mid Season Variety
Alderman, Perfection New line, T 19
Lincon: Gives average yield of 40qtl/acre. 
Jawahar Matar 1: Gives average yield of 48qtl/acre.
Jawahar Matar 2
Pant Uphar: Gives average yield of 40qtl/acre. 
Ooty 1: Gives average yield of 48qtl/acre. 
Jawahar Pea 83: Gives average pod yield of 48-52qtl/acre.
Jawahar Peas 15: Gives average pod yield of 52qtl/acre.

After kharif crop harvesting, to obtain fine seed bed do one to two ploughing. Along with ploughing take 2-3 harrowing and do planking after ploughing operation. Field should be level to avoid waterlogging conditions in soil. Give pre-sowing irrigation before sowing of crop, it will help in good germination of crop.

Time of sowing
To obtain good yield complete sowing between Middle of September to Middle of November. Further delay in sowing will lead to yield loss.

Spacing
Use spacing of 30-40cm between rows and 3-5cm between plant.

Sowing Depth
Sow the seeds at depth of 2-3cm in soil.

Method of sowing
For sowing dibbling method. 

Seed Rate
For sowing use seed rate of 20-25kg/acre and for early sowing variety use spacing of 25-28kg/acre.

Seed Treatment
Before sowing, treat the seed with Captan or Thiram@3gm/kg of seed or Carbendazim@2.5gm/kg of seed. After chemical treatment, treat seeds with Rhizobium leguminosarum culture for better quality and yield. The culture material is emulsified in 10 percent sugar solution or jaggery solution. Mix thoroughly the emulsified culture with seed and dry in shade. It will increased yield upto 8-10%.

Use any one fungicide:

Fertilizer Requirement (kg/acre)

Nutrient Requirement (kg/acre)

At time of sowing apply Nitrogen@12kg in form of Urea@26kg and Phosphorus@20kg in form of Superphosphate@125kg per acre. Drilled complete dose of phosphorus and half dose of Nitrogen at time of sowing. Apply remaining dose Nitrogen one month after sowing.

Depending upon variety it required one or two weeding. First weeding is done either at 2-3 leaves stage or 3-4 weeks after sowing and second weeding is done before flowering. Using herbicides is the effective method of controlling weeds in peas cultivation. Pendimethalin@1.2 ltr/acre and Basalin@1ltr/acre give good results in controlling the weeds. Apply herbicide within 48 hours of sowing.

Pre sowing irrigation should be given for good germination. When it is cultivated after paddy crop and soil content sufficient moisture, it can sow without irrigation. After sowing it required one or two irrigation. Apply first irrigation during pre-flowering and second at pod formation stage. Heavy irrigation leads to the yellowing of plants and thus reducing the yield. 

• Pest and their control:
  

Pea leaf Miner: Larva of leaf minor create tunnel in leaves. Due infestation loss of 10-15% is observed.
If infestation is observed, take spray of Dimethoate 30EC@400ml in 80-100Ltr water per acre. If necessary repeat the spray after 15days.

Pea Thrips and Aphid: They suck cell saps leads to yellowing of crop and thus decreases yield of crop. If infestation is observed, take spray of Dimethoate 30EC@400ml in 80-100Ltr water per acre. If necessary repeat the spray after 15 days.

Pod borer: Pod borers are the most serious pests of pea. They bore flowers and pods, causing 10-90% losses, if left unprotected. 
When infestation is in initial stage, take spray of Carbaryl@900gm/100Ltr of water per acre. If necessary repeat the spray after 15 days. In case of severe infestation take spray of Chlorpyriphos@2Ltr or Acephate@800gm in 100Ltrs of water per acre with manually operated knapsack sprayer.

• Disease and their control

Wilt: The roots turn black and the later rot away. Plant growth is stunted and discoloured, foliage turn yellow and downward curling of stipules and leaflets take place. The entire plant wilts and stem shrivels.
Control measures Treat seeds with Thiram@3gm/kg seeds or Carbendazim@2gm/kg seeds before sowing and avoid early sowing in badly affected areas. Follow three year crop rotation. Drench the infected area with Carbendazim@5gm/ltr water. Destroy the weed hosts such as Lathyrus vicia etc.

Powdery Mildew: Patchy, White powdery growth appears on lower side of leaves, branches and pods. It parasitizes the plant using it as a food source. It can be develope at any stage of crop development. In severe infestation it causes defoliation.
If infestation is observed, take spray of Karathane 40EC@80ml in 100Ltr water per acre. Take three sprays of Karathane with interval of 10 days.
 

Rust: Yellowish, brown spherical pustules can be observed on stems, leaves, branch and pods.
Spray Mancozeb@2.5gm/Ltr of water or Indofil@400gm/100Ltr of water on disease appearance and repeat the spray at 10-15 days intervals.

The green peas pods should be harvested at proper stage. Harvesting of peas may start as soon as peas started changing colour from dark to green. Multiple pickings like, 4 to 5 pickling can be done within the 6 to 10 days interval. Yield depends on the variety, soil fertility and management of the field.

Storage is done at low temperature to increase the availability of green pods for longer duration. Packing is done in gunny bags, corrugated fibre board boxes, plastic containers and bamboo baskets.