CAULIFLOWER

Cauliflower is popular vegetable and this belongs to family Cruciferous. It work as anti cancer agent. It promotes heart health, lower cholesterol levels. The major cauliflower producing states are Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal, Assam, Haryana and Maharashtra.

It can grow well in wide range of soil from sandy loam to clay. For late sown variety, clay loam soils are preferred and for early maturing varieties sandy loam soil is recommended. pH of soil should be in range of 6 to 7. Add lime in case of low pH soil.

Pusa Ketaki: Early variety. Curds are medium size. Ready to harvest in 60 days after transplantation. It give average yield of 50-60 qtl/acre.

Hissar 1: Curds are medium to large size and of white color. Ready to harvest in 90 days after transplantation. Gives average yield of 90 qtl/acre.

Pusa Meghana

Pusa Kartik Sankar

Pusa Hybrid 2 : Gives resistant to downy mildew.

Pusa KT 25: Resistant to black rot.

Other States Variety

Pusa Snowball K-1: Crop gets mature late compared to Pusa snowball 1. Outer leaves are upright and curd is compact. Curd is of snow white color. It gives yield of 90 qtl/ acre.

Snowball 16: Late maturing variety. Curds are compact having attractive white color. Gives average yield of 100-125 qtl/acre.

Pant Shubhra: Early maturing variety, suitable for cultivation in northern India. Curds are of creamy white color. Gives average yield of 80 qtl/ acre.

Early Kunwari: Early maturing variety, suitable for cultivation in Haryana, Punjab and Delhi. Gives average yield of 32 qtl/acre.

Pusa Deepali: Developed by IARI, early maturing variety, suitable for cultivation in Northern India. Medium size curd having white color. Gives average yield of 48 qtl/acre.

Pusa Himjyoti, Pant Gobhi 2, Pant Gobhi 3

Bring soil to fine tilth by ploughing land thoroughly. Add well decomposed cow dung and mixed well in soil at the time of last ploughing.

Time of sowing
May to June is optimum time for sowing of early varieties of cauliflower. Carry out transplantation in the month of June-July.
For medium duration variety, Mid of July to August first week is idea time for sowing. Complete transplantation in the month of August to September.
For late varieties, October to 1st week of November is optimum time for sowing and November to December is optimum time for transplanting.   

Spacing
For early varieties use spacing of 45x30 cm.
For Medium Varieties use spacing of 60x60 cm.
And For late varieties, use spacing of 45x45 cm.
 
Sowing Depth
Sow seeds at depth of 1-2 cm.

Method of sowing
For Sowing dibbling method and transplanting methods can be used.
Sow seeds in nursery and apply irrigation, fertilizer dose as per requirement. Seedlings are ready to transplant within 25-30 days after sowing. For transplantation use three to four weeks old seedlings.

Seeds Rate
For mid and late variety, use seed rate of 250-300 gm per acre and for early variety use seed rate of 300-500 gm.

Seed Treatment
Before sowing, dip seeds in hot water (50°C for 30min) or streptocycline@0.01gm/ltr for two hours. After treatment dry them in shade and then sow on bed. Black rot mostly observed in rabi. As a preventive measure seed treatment with mercury chloride is essential. For that dip seeds in mercury chloride@1gm/ltr solution for 30 min after that dry them in shed. Crop grown in sandy soils are more prone to stem rot. To prevent it do seed treatment with Carbendazim 50%WP@3gm/kg of seeds.

Fertilizer Requirement (kg/acre)

Nutrient Requirement (kg/acre)

Apply well decomposed cow dung@40 tonnes per acre in soil along with Nitrogen@50kg, Phophorus@25kg and Potash@25kg in form of Urea@110kg, Single Superphosphate@155kg and Muriate of Potash@40kg. Apply whole quantity of cow dung, SSP and MOP and half quantity of Urea before transplanting. Apply remaining quantity of Urea four week after transplanting as top dressing.  
To get better flower (Curd) set and to obtain good yield, spray water soluble fertilizer (19:19:19)@5-7gm/Ltr water during the early plant growth. 40 days after transplanting take spray of 12:61:00@4-5gram + micronutrients@2.5 to 3 gram + Boron@1gm per ltr water. To improve curd quality, apply water soluble fertilizer 13:00:45@8-10 gm/Ltr of water at the time of curd development.
Do soil testing and if magnesium deficiency is observed to overcome Mg deficiency apply magnesium sulphate@5gm/ltr, 30-35 days after transplantation and for calcium deficiency apply Calcium Nitrate@5gm/ltr, 30-35 days after transplanting.
If hollow and sometimes discolored stems are observed, Also curds become brown and leaves may get roll and curl it is due to Boron deficiency, apply Borax@250gm-400gm/acre.

Immediately after transplanting, give first irrigation. Depending upon soil, climatic condition, apply irrigation at interval of 7-8 days in summer season and 10-15 days during winter season.

To check weed control apply Fluchloralin (Basalin)@800ml/150ltr water before transplantation followed by hand weeding 30 to 40 days after transplanting. Apply Pendimethalin@1Ltr/acre one day before transplanting of seedlings.

• Pest and their control:

Sucking pest: They suck the sap from the leaves resulting in yellowing and dropping of leaves. Thrips results in curling of leaves, leaves become cup shaped or curved upward.
If incidence of sucking pest like aphid and jassid is observed take spray of Imidacloprid 17.8SL@60ml/acre using 150 Ltr water. If infestation of thrips is observed take spray of Triazophos@20ml + Deltamethrin@20ml or 25% Cypermethrin @5ml/10Ltr of water.

Diamond back moth: Serious pest of cauliflower. They lay eggs under surface leaves. larva of greenish color with hair on body feed on leaves and make hole. In case of lack of proper control measures, it causes loss up to 80-90%.
At initial stage take spray of neem seed kernel extract@40gm/ltr of water at head initiation stage. Repeat this spray with interval of 10-15 days. Avoid spraying at curd formation. Take spray of Bt formulations@200gm/acre at 35 and 50 days after planting. In severe infestation take spray of Spinosad 2.5%SC@1ml/ltr of water.

Caterpillar: They feed on leaves and damage crop. 
Spodoptera infestation mostly observed after rains. If per crop two caterpillars are observed then spray with B.T@10gm/10Ltr water in evening time. After that take neem ark@40gm/Ltr spray. In case of high infestation take spray of Thiodicarb 75WP@40gm/15Ltr water. If infestation of leaf eating caterpillars is observed take spray of 60 ml Spinosad 2.5%EC or 100gm Emamectin Benzoate 5SG/acre/150Ltr water.

• Disease and their control:

Wilt: Dropping of entire leaves along with yellowing of crops. Wilting or drying of entire plant is seen. It may be due to root rot. To control wilt cause due to root rot, drench Trichoderma bio fungus@2.5kg/500Ltr water, near to roots of plants. Keeping checking crop losses due to fungal diseases. Drench root zone with Ridomil gold@2.5gm/Ltr water. Give need based irrigation. Avoid flood irrigation.

Downy Mildew: Appearance of purplish-brown spots observed on lower side of leaves along with grayish white mold on leafs underside.
Sanitation and crop rotation help in reducing infection. If infestation of downy is observed, it can be controlled by combined spraying of (Metalaxyl + Mancozeb)@2gm per liter. Take three sprays with 10 days interval.

Leaf spot and Blight: If infestation of blight is observed to control take Spray of Mancozeb or Copper oxychloride@300gm/150Ltr along with 20ml sticker.

Alternaria leaf spot: Remove and burn lower leaves in morning subsequent take spray of Tebuconazole 50%+ Trifloxystrobin 25%@120gm/acre or Mancozeb@2gm/lit or Carbendazim@4gm/lit of water.

After developing proper head harvesting can be done. Carry out harvesting in morning or evening time. After harvesting keep product in cool place.

After harvesting, do sorting and grading depending upon curd size.

1.Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana

2.Department of Agriculture

3.Indian Agricultural Research Instittute, New Delhi

4.Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research

5.Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare