RICE

Rice is the most important food crop of India covering about one-fourth of the Kaithale total cropped area and providing food to about half of the Indian population. It is a major crop of Haryana. Yamuna Nagar, Karnal, Kurukshetra, Panipat, Ambala and Yamuna Nagar are major rice producing districts and contribute about 80% of rice. Sonipat, Fatehabad, Hisar and Faridabad provide high quality basmati rice.

It can be grown on a variety of soils with low permeability and pH varying from 5.0 to 9.5. Sandy loam to loamy sand to silty loam to clay loams, silt to clayey loam soils with low permeability, free of waterlogging and sodicity are considered best for paddy cultivation. 

Medium Duration Varieties

Jaya: Dwarf and high yielding varieties resistant to lodging. Ready to harvest in 142 days. Grains are big and long. Gives average yield of 26 qtl/acre.

PR 106: Dwarf and high yielding varieties resistant to lodging. Ready to harvest in 145 days. Grains are long, slender. Gives average yield of 24 qtl/acre.

HKR 120: Suitable for early sowing and in irrigated areas. Ready to harvest in 146 days. Gives average yield of 25 qtl/acre.

HKR 126: Suitable for early sowing and in irrigated areas. Ready to harvest in 140 days. Can survive in water stress conditions. Resistant to stem rot, blast and brown spot. Gives average yield of 27 qtl/acre.   

HKR 127: Semi dwarf, medium duration variety suitable for normal planting. It is resistant to false smut. Gives average yield of 28 qtl/acre.

PR 113: It is short-statured, stiff strawed variety and its leaves are erect and dark green in color. It matures in 142 days. Grain are bold and heavy. It is resistant to bacterial leaf blight disease and gives average yield of 28 qtl/acre. 

Pusa 44: It is susceptible to bacterial blight. Ready to harvest in 140-145 days. Gives average yield of 22-24 qtl/acre.

Haryana Shankar Dhan 1:Suitable for early planting. Ready to harvest in 139 days. It is resistant to stem and leaf borer. Gives average yield of 30 qtl/acre.

Basmati Varieties

Taraori Basmati: Suitable for early planting under irrigated conditions. Ready to harvest in 145 to 155 days. Gives average yield of 10 qtl/acre.

Haryana Basmati no 1: Semi dwarf variety, suitable for irrigated areas. Ready to harvest in 140 days. Gives average yield of 16 qtl/acre.

Pusa Basmati 1121, Pusa Basmati 1, CSR 30, Shabnam,Pusa Basmati 1509.

Other states variety
Hybrid 6201: Suitable for irrigated areas. It gives resistance to blast. It is average yield of 25 qtl/acre.

Vivek Dhan 62: Suitable for hilly and irrigated areas. Its grains are short bold. It is resistant to blast. Neck blast and it can survive in low temperature areas. It gives average yield of 19 qtl/acre.

Karnataka Rice Hybrid 2: Suitable for irrigated and timely sown areas. It is tolerant to leaf blight and other disease. It gives average yield of 35 qtl/acre.

Kanak: Suitable for medium land sowing. Its grains are long and bold. It is resistant to bacterial blight. It gives average yield of 18 qtl/acre.

Ratnagiri 1 and 2: Ratnagiri one suitable for irrigated areas while Ratnagiri 2 suitable for low land areas. These are semi dwarf varieties and give average yield of 19 qtl/acre and 21 qtl/acre respectively.

Glyphosate should be applied for the betterment of the dry field to clear the weeds and for hygienic growth. After harvesting of wheat grow dhaincha (seed rate 20 kg/acre) or sunhemp@20 kg/acre or cowpea@12 kg/acre upto first week of May. When crop is of 6-8 week old, bury them into the soil one day before transplanting of paddy. It will save 25 kg of N per acre. Use laser land leveler for land levelling. After then puddled soil and to obtain fine well levelled puddled field to reduce water loss through percolation. 

Time of sowing : Nursery Preparation: For short duration variety, 15th May to 30th June is the optimum time for nursery preparation. And for medium duration variety, 15th May to 30th May good time for nursery preparation.

Sowing depth : The seedlings should be transplanted at 2 to 3 cm depth. Shallow planting gives better yields.

Spacing: For dwarf variety, use spacing of 15x15cm whereas for tall varieties, use spacing of 20x15cm. In case of delay sowing, use spacing of 15x15cm for tall varieties.  

Method of sowing
Transplanting of seedlings in main field. For transplanting, use 25-30 days old seedlings. 
For short duration varieties, complete transplantation from 15 June to July end. Whereas for medium duration varieties, optimum time for transplantation is from 15 June to 7 July. 

Seed Rate
Use seed rate of 10-12 kg for one acre land.

Seed Treatment
Before sowing, soak them in 10 ltr water containing, Carbendazim@20gm+ Streptocycline@1gm for 8 to 10hr before sowing. After then dry seeds in shade. And then use for sowing.

Before sowing, soak them in 10Ltr water containing, Carbendazim@20gm+ Streptocycline@1gm for 8 to 10hr before sowing. After then dry seeds in shade. And then use for sowing.
Also you can use below mention fungicides to protect crop from root rot disease. Use chemical fungicide first then treat seeds with Trichoderma.

Wet bed nursery: It Is done in region having adequate water availability. Nursery area is about 1/10 of the area to be transplanted. Broadcast Pre-germinated seeds on puddled and levelled soil. Keep the beds moist for the first few days. Do not flood the beds. When the seedlings are about 2 cm high, keep the beds submerged in a shallow layer of water. Apply dose of 26 kg/acre Urea about a fortnight after sowing. For transplantation use seedlings of 15-21 days or when seedlings are 25-30cm long. Regularly irrigate the nursery. 

Dry Bed: It is prepared in dry soil condition. Total seed bed area is about 1/10 of the area to be transplanted. Make seed bed of convenient dimensions with the soil raised at height of 6-10 cm. Spread half burned rice husk on these beds for easy uprooting. Irrigation should be done properly because less moisture can damage seedling. Incorporate basal fertilizer for proper nutrients.

Modified Mat nursery: This is the modified method of nursery making which require less space and less quantity of seeds. It can be cultivated at any place having flat surface and assured water supply. The area needed is about 1% of the transplantable land. Establishing seedlings in a 4cm layer of soil mix, arranged on a firm surface. Make 1m wide and 20-30m long plot and spread plastic sheet or banana leaves on it. Place a wooden frame with 4cm deep and then Fill the frame with soil mixture. Sow pre-germinated seeds in it and cover the seeds with dry soil. Immediately sprinkle water on it. Irrigate frame as and when needed and keep it moist. Seedlings are ready for transplanting within 11 to 14 days of sowing. Transport seedling mat to field and separate them and transplant 1-2 seedlings at 20x20cm or 25x25cm spacing. 

Method of Transplanting

1) Flat puddled transplanting: Transplant seedlings in line at 20x15cm for normal and 15x15cm for late transplanting. Put 2 seedlings per hill and the seedlings should be transplanted upright and about 2-3cm deep.

2) Bed Transplanting: Transplant seedlings on middle of slopes of bed. These beds are prepared by wheat bed planter in heavy soil. Before transplanting irrigate the furrows, then transplant seedlings by maintaining a plant to plant distance of 9cm.

3) Mechanical transplanting: For transplanting mat type nursery, mechanical transplanter are used. It transplant seedlings at spacing of 30x12cm.

Fertilizer Requirement (kg/acre)

Nutrient Requirement (kg/acre)

For medium duration variety, apply N:P:K@60:24:24 kg/acre in form of Urea@130 kg/acre, SSP@150 kg/acre and MOP@40 kg/acre. And for short duration variety, apply N:P:K@48:24:24 in form of Urea@105kg, SSP@150kg and MOP@40kg/acre. Before fertilizer application, carried out soil test and apply fertilizer on the basis of soil test result. Also apply Zinc Sulphate@10 kg/acre.

Apply 1/3rd dose of nitrogen and whole dose of P, K and Zinc before last puddling. Apply remaining dose of nitrogen in equal quantity at  three and six week after transplantation. Use neem coated urea as it will increased uptake of N.
Due to water scarcity, young leaves give yellow or yellow white appearance about three week after transplanting. Apply irrigation immediately also spray with ferrous sulphate@1kg/100ltr water per acre, two-three time with weekly intervals.

Use Butachlor 50 EC@1200ml/acre or Thiobencarb 50EC@1200ml or Pendimethalin 30 EC@1000ml or Pretilachlor 50 EC@600ml per acre as pre-emergence herbicides, 2 to 3 days after transplanting. Mix any one of these herbicides in 60 kg of sand per acre and broadcast uniformly in 4-5cm deep standing water.
For broadleaf weed control, apply Metsulfuron 20WP@30 gm/acre in 150Ltr water as post emergence, 20-25 days after transplanting. Before spray, drained out the standing water from the field and apply irrigation one day after spray.

Keep field flooded upto two weeks after transplanting. When all water gets infiltrated two days after apply irrigation in field. Depth of standing water should not exceed 10cm. While doing intercultural and weeding operation, drain out excess water from field and irrigate field after completion of this operations. Stop irrigation about a fortnight before maturity to facilitate easy harvesting.

• Disease and their control:
  

Blast: Due to blast disease, spindle shaped spots with greyish centre and brown margin observed on the leaves. Also give neck rot symptoms and panicles get fall over. Observed in areas having excessive use of Nitrogen.
If infestation is observed, spray with Zineb@500 gm/acre in 200Ltr of water. 

Kernal Bunt: Few grains in panicle get affected first and part of grain get converted into black powder. In severe condition whole panicle get affected and black powder spread on leaves, grains etc.
To control this disease, avoid excess use of Nitrogen. When crop is at 10% flowering stage, take spray of Tilt 25 EC @200ml/200litres of water. Repeat the spray with interval of 10 days.

Brown leaf spot: It produces oval, eye-shaped spots with a conspicuous dark-brown dot in the centre and light brown margin. Spots are developed on grains also. In low nutrient soil, this attacked more.
To keep check on this disease, give balance amount of nutrient. When crop is at boot stage take spray of Tebuconazole@200ml or Propiconazole@200ml in 200Ltr of water. After 15days repeat the spray.

False smut: This fungus developed large greenish velvety spore-balls on individual grains. In humid, high rainfall and cloudy conditions, chances of spread of disease is high. Excessive use of Nitrogen also increases intensity of attack.
To control this disease spray with 500gm Copper Oxychloride per acre in 200Ltr of water at boot stage in crop. With interval of 10 days, take spray with Tilt 25EC@200ml/200liters of water.

Sheath blight: On leaf sheath, greyish lesions with purple margin are developed. Later these lesions get developed and enlarge. In severe condition, poor grain filling is observed.
Avoid excess use of nitrogen. Keep field clean. If incidence of disease is observed, spray crop with Tebuconazole or Tilt 25EC@200ml or Carbendazim 25%@200gm in 200Ltrs of water per acre. Repeat the spray after 15 days interval.

• Pest and their control:
  

Root Weevil: The presence of root weevil can be detected by the root and leave damage of yield. These are white legless grub feeds mainly on root. Plant gives yellow appearance, growth gets stunted and few tillers are form.                                                                                                                                                                              
If incidence is observed apply Carbaryl (4G)@10kg either Phorate (10G)@4kg or Carbofuran (3G)@10kg per acre. 

Plant Hoppers: These mainly occur in the irrigated wetland conditions or in rainfed areas. The presence of pest shows the browning of the yield, sooty molds and honeydew present in bases where infected.                                                                              
If incidence is observed to control, spray with Dichlorvos@200ml or Carbaryl@600-800gm in 150Ltr of water per acre or Imidacloprid@40ml or Quinalphos 25EC@800ml or Chlorpyriphos@1Ltr in 100ltrs of water per acre.

Leaf folder: This pest develops in high humidity and specificaly found where rice is fertilized heavily. Larva fold the leaves and eat the plant tissue and produces white streaks.                                  
Control: If infestation is observed spray crop with Cartap hydrochloride@170gm or Triazophos@350ml or Chlorpyriphos@1Ltr in 100Ltr of water per acre.

Rice Hispa: It is serious pest in some districts. Larva creates tunnel into leaves and thus destroyed leaves by producing white streaks on leaves.
If Infestation is observed in field, spray crop with Methyl Parathion@120ml or Quinalphos 25EC@800ml or Chlorpyriphos@1Ltr in 100ltrs of water per acre.

Stem borer: Larva bore into the stem and causes dead heart. The old ones produce empty earheads which turn white.
Control: If infestation is observed in field take spray of Cartap hydrochloride@170gm or Triazophos@350ml or Chlorpyriphos@1Ltr per 100Ltr of water.

Reap the yield once the panicles are developing fully as well as the crops get changed significantly yellow. The yield is generally harvested manually by sickles or by blend harvester. The harvested crops, tied up into compact bundles, strike it against really hard surface to split the grains from straw, accompanied by winnowing.

The post-harvest method includes some procedures which include the interval from harvest to utilization 1)Harvesting 2)Threshing 3)Cleaning 4)Drying 5)Warehouse 6)Milling then transport to the trade. Before the storage of grains to protect harvested stuff from pest and disease attack, mix 500 gm Neem seed dust with 10 kg of seed. To protect stored grains from pests attacked, Mix Malathion 50EC@30ml/3Ltr of water. Spray for 100 sq.mtr storage area at every 15 days.