CAPSICUM

It is a valuable vegetable crop which is grown in green house or in shade net houses. It is also known as “Sweet pepper” or “bell pepper”. Capsicums are the rich source of minerals and Vitamins A and C. it is a perennial herbaceous plant which belongs to the family of Solanaceae. It attains the height of 75cm. It has small flowers which are white or purple in color which bears fruits. Punjab, Bangalore, Pune and Karnataka are the major states growing capsicums in green houses. Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Goa, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal are the states which do small scale production of capsicums.
Capsicum farming in himachal Pradesh is done in intermediate hilly areas i.e. in Solan, Kullu, Sirmour, Chamba, Kangra and Shimla region. In Himachal Pradesh, capsicum farming is done in 423 acres of land and gives an average yield of 3.984 tonnes. 
 

It requires an ideal soil temperature between 18-35oC.It is grown in all type of soils ranging from clayey to loamy soil. It can also withstand in acidic soil to some extent. It gives best result when grown under sandy loam soil having high fertility and good drainage system. It requires pH ranging from 6-7 is best for sweet potato cultivation.

California Wonder: It is a medium height plant, broad leaves and deep green color fruits. First harvesting is done after 75 days of sowing. The variety is suitable for sowing in Solan, Kullu, Sirmour, Chamba, Kangra and Shimla regions. It gives an average yield of 52-62qtl/acre.

Yellow Wonder: It is a medium height plant, broad leaves and deep green color fruits. The variety gets mature in 70 days. It gives an average yield of 50-58qtl/acre.
Bharat: Medium plant height, shiny green color fruits. The variety gets mature in 80 days and gives 52-80qtl/acre of yield.

Solan Hybrid-1: Early maturing and high yielding variety. It is suitable for intermediate areas. The variety is resistant to fruit rot.

Solan Hybrid-2: Early maturing and high yielding variety. The variety gets mature in 60-65 days and gives 135-156qtl/acre of yield. The variety is resistant to fruit rot.

Solan bharpoor: New variety which gets ready after 70-75 days of transplanting. Fruits are bell shaped, deep green in color and 50-60gm weight per fruit. It gives an average yield of 125qtl/acre. The variety is resistant to root rot and leaf spot disease.

Other state variety:

Bomby (red color): It is an early maturing variety. This variety has tall and strong plant having good branching. It requires adequate shelter for fruit development. It contains dark green color fruits which become red at the time of maturity having an average weight of 130-150gm. It has longer shelf life and can be ideal for long distance transportation.

Orobelle (yellow color):It is grown in mainly cold climate. The fruits are almost square in shape having medium-thick wall. The fruits become yellow at the time of maturity having an average weight of 150gm. It is disease resistant variety which can be grown in open field and in greenhouses.

Indra (green):This variety has tall and bushy appearance. It has dark green color leaves having dense foliage. Fruits are dark green in color with an average weight of 170gm. Fruit development starts after 50-55 days of harvesting. It is ideal for long distance transportation and has longer shelf life.

Chinese Giant, World Beater, Yolo Wonder Bharat, Arka Mohini, Arka Gaurav, Arka Basant, Early Giant. Bullnose, King of North, Ruby King, etc. are the important varieties of capsicum grown in India.

 

For capsicum plantation, fields should be well prepared. To bring the soil to fine tilth, 5-6 ploughings followed by planking’s must be done. At the time of land preparation FYM (Farm Yard Manure) or compost is mixed with the soil.

Time of sowing:
For lower hilly areas: November, February-March, August
For intermediate areas: March-May
For high hilly areas: April-May

Spacing:    
Use row to row spacing of 60cm and plant to plant spacing of 45cm.

Sowing depth:
Depth should be 2-4 cm.

Method of sowing:
•    Low tunnel technology: This technology is used to produce early yield of capsicum in early summer. It helps to protect the crop from cold season i.e. in the month of December to mid-February. Beds of 2.5m width are sown in the month of December. Use row to row spacing of 130cm and line to line spacing of 30cm for seedling sowing. Before sowing supportive rods of 45-60cm length are fixed in the soil. Cover the field with plastic sheet (100 gauge thickness) with the help of support rods. Plastic sheet should be removed mainly in the month of February when temperature is suitable outside.
•    Dibbling method
 

Seed rate:
For normal varieties use seed rate of 312-375gm per acre and for use seed rate of 83-104gm per acre.

Seed treatment:
Soak the seeds in Thiram or Captan, Ceresan etc. @2gm/kg of seeds before sowing to prevent the crops from seed borne diseases.
 

For capsicum farming, nursery beds are raised firstly. Seed beds of 300 x 60 x 15cm are prepared to raise seedlings. Seeds are sown in raised nursery beds and after sowing cover the nursery beds with thin layer of soil manure. Light irrigation is necessary after sowing the seeds in raising beds for optimum germination of seeds.
Transplanting is done when seedlings attain 4-5 leaves. Transplanting is done in prepared fields. Transplanting is mainly done in evening during cloudy weather. Mainly 50-60 days old seedlings are used for transplanting.
Apply water to the nursery beds before transplanting so that seedling can be easily uprooted.
 

Light irrigation is given immediately after seed sowing. Then next irrigation is given immediately after transplanting, and then later irrigation is given when requires. In arid and semi-arid regions irrigation is required at proper intervals.

For good yield of crop, weeding must be done at proper intervals. Earthing up after 2-3 weeks of transplanting will help to remove weeds from the fields. First weeding is done after 30 days of transplanting then second weeding is done after 60 days of transplanting.

Fertilizer Requirement (kg/acre)

Nutrient Requirement (kg/acre)

At the time of land preparation, mixed FYM @83-100 qtl/acre in the soil. Along with FYM, apply fertilizer dose of Nitrogen @38 kg/acre in the form of urea @83kg/acre, Phosphorus @28kg/acre in the form of super phosphate@200 kg/acre and Potassium@23 kg/acre in the form of Muriate of Potash@38kg/acre.

Full dose of Potassium, phosphorus and 1/3rddose of Nitrogen is mixed in rows just before transplanting and the rest of the nitrogen dose is given in two equal splits i.e. one after one month of transplanting and second after two months of transplanting.

To take more yield from Sankar varieties, add Urea @200 (Nitrogen@100) and SSP@157 (Phoshporus@25) in one acre of land.
 

• Disease and their control:
  

Damping off: It is a fungal disease which affects the young seedlings. The symptoms are patches shown on the stem which ultimately shrivel and then die. They affect the whole crop within 4-5 days. The diseases mainly occur when crop is grown in poor drained soils.
Treatment: Spraying of Bordeaux mixture @0.5-1.0% or any copper oxychloride mixture such as Blitox or Fytolan will help to get rid of damping off.

Anthracnose: It is a fungal disease which affects the stem, leaves and fruits of the crop.  The symptoms are dark and round spots on fruits and black color minute spots are seen on the seeds. After some time the infected fruits will drop prematurely. The disease is mostly infected in high humidity.
Treatment: Seed treatment is must before sowing the seeds. Seeds are treated with Thiram @0.2% or Brassico @0.2% to prevent from anthracnose disease. If disease occurs then spray of Dithane(M-45) or Blitox @0.4% or Difoltan @0.2% is done at the interval of 15 days.
 

Powdery mildew: The disease mainly occurs in summers. The symptoms are white talcum powder like growth is seen on the leaf, stunted growth and leaves get shed.
Treatment: Spraying of 400gm M-45 is done at the interval of 15 days is done to get rid of powdery mildew.

 

Bacterial wilt: The symptoms are rapid growth of wilting on leaves as well as on fruits.
Treatment: Application of bleaching powder @15kgbefore will help to prevent bacterial wilt. Use of resistant varieties such as “Arka Gaurav” will help to prevent disease.
 

Leaf curls disease: The symptoms are leaf curling, blistering of interveinal areas and thickening of mid vein of leaves.
Treatment: The plants showing this should be uprooted to prevent further infection.
 

• Pest and their control:
  

Thrips: The symptoms are white blotches seen on leaves and stunted growth.
Treatment: Spraying of Malathion(Cythion 50 EC @1.5ml/ltr of water) or Dimethoate (Rogor 30 EC @ 1ml/ltr of water). The pest can also be controlled by spraying of Nicotine sulphate @0.25%.
 

Aphids: They destroy the plant by feeding themselves on cell sap of leaves.
Treatment: Application of Monocrotophos @0.05-0.01% or Demeton methyl @0.05-0.02% will help to get rid from aphids.
 

Mites: They are tiny spider like creatures which feed in leaves of capsicum.
Treatment: Spraying of cypermethrin 5EC @3ml/ltr will help to control mites. Spraying of Dimethoate (Rogor @1ml/ltr) or Dicofol (Kelthane @1.5ml/ltr of water) is also effective to control mites.
 

Green fruits which are immature are ready for harvesting. Immature fruits are soft and crispy which is good for harvesting. Capsicum farming mainly gives an average yield of 40-50qtl/acre for normal varieties and 50-85qtl/acre.